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XXXV World Charolais Congress 2008
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All about the Czech history

  

Czech culture has firm roots in a rich and plentiful history. Tourists and visitors from all over the world can marvel at some of the most beautiful and oldest pieces of architecture, literature and fine arts.

he Great Moravian Empire

The first genuine state structure on the territory of the Czech Republic was the Great Moravian Empire. This was located on the territory of Bohemia, Silesia, Moravia, Slovakia and the Danube Basin. In the west, it bordered on the powerful East Frankish Kingdom, from where Christianity spread to pagan Moravia. read more...

 

The Přemyslid Dynasty

After the glorious period of the Great Moravian Empire, the center of the state moved westward to Bohemia. Power was concentrated here in the hands of the Přemyslids, who held onto it for more than 400 years until 1306, when it passed to the hands of the Luxemburgs. read more...

 

The Luxemburgs and King Charles IV

After the death of Wenceslas III, the last king of the Přemyslid Dynasty, several kings supplanted each other as the head of state, but none could consolidate their position. A portion of the nobility and the abbots, who were dissatisfied with the reign of Jindřich Korutanský, concocted a coup. They deposed the king with the agreement of Emperor Henry VII of Luxemburg. The emperor consented to the marriage of his son John to Elizabeth (Eliška), the as-yet-unmarried sister of the last Přemyslid king. Thus, John of Luxemburg became the king of Bohemia between 1310 and 1346. read more...

Hussitism and the heritage of Jan Hus
The Czech lands were affected by an economic depression under the reign of Wenceslas IV, the son of Charles IV. Highwaymen and plague epidemics racked the country, while private wars raged. The Church, which was supposed to supervise the observance of God’s commandments, focused on attaining positions of power and accumulating property. Clergymen had long been performing jobs in the royal administration and instead of money they received a church office as settlement. Criticism of the Church grew stronger due to its deviation from its original principles, not just in Bohemia, but all over Europe. read more...


The Habsburg Monarchy and Rudolph II

In this restless period, the Bohemian estates elected a new sovereign. Out of several candidates, they chose a member of a powerful family – the Habsburg Ferdinand I (1526–1564). Even he had to sign an electoral capitulation in which he undertook to uphold and respect the privileges of the estates. The Czech lands became part of a large combined state, which, besides them, principally comprised Austria and Hungary as well. With a few short-lived exceptions to Rudolph II, the sovereign’s court moved permanently to Vienna from Prague. read more...


The Theresian reforms

When the male line of the Habsburgs died out in 1740, Maria Theresa (1740–1780), the daughter of Charles VI, ascended the throne according to rules set by the Pragmatic Sanction. The recognition of the Sanction proved to be worthless though when the Prussian King Frederick II invaded Silesia, the richest land of the monarchy. read more...

 

Ideas of the Czech national revival

After a long period of oppression, the Czech nationhood had been preserved only in language and culture, especially in the countryside. There was still a long way to go toward emancipation from being a German-dependent state to a Czech national state. read more...

 

The First Czechoslovak Republic

The son of Emperor Francis Joseph I, the crown prince Rudolph, committed suicide with his lover, so the succession passed to the Emperor’s nephew, Francis Ferdinand d’Este (also often referred to as Franz Ferdinand in English). Nevertheless, because of the dynastic irregularity of his marriage to Sophie von Chotkova, who was only a countess, he had to relinquish the succession rights of his children. In 1914, he left with his wife for an Austro-Hungarian Army exercise in Sarajevo. read more...

 

The communist regime

At the end of the Second World War, the Communist Party shared in the work of the Czechoslovak government for the first time, which signalized a clear move to the left after the experience of Nazism. Competition among political parties was restricted by a ban on re-establishing pre-war right-wing parties, which had been accused of collaborating with the Germans. All the permitted parties were grouped into a National Front and were all governing parties. read more...

 

 

The Velvet revolution and its consequences

On November 17, 1989, the regime led by the Communist Party harshly intervened against demonstrations organized by students on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the closure of Czech schools by the Nazis. People came out on the streets in protest against the brutality of the intervention and organized demonstrations and strikes.

 

The communists relinquished political power during the Velvet Revolution. The regime had exhausted itself and didn’t have the strength to engage in a power struggle with the whole of society. Political parties were reinstated and the first free elections were held in 1990. Vaclav Havel, who had led the negotiations with the communist government, became president. Future political parties were established by people with the same opinions - the Czech Civic Forum (Občanské fórum) and Slovak Public Against Violence (Verejnosť proti násiliu).

 

The Czech and Slovak political representatives were unsuccessful in finding a suitable bilateral model for the coexistence of the Czech and Slovak nations. This resulted in the organized and orderly breakup of the joint state.

 

The Czech Republic and Slovakia have existed separately since January 1, 1993. Integration with the European community and European security structures became an objective of both states. Mutual relations were kept above-standard due to the immixture of citizens after almost 90 years of coexistence in one state.

 

The Czech Republic was accepted as a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization March 12, 1999. The Czech Republic is now a formal member of NATO and the United Nations, and its units have participated in missions to Iraq, Croatia, Kosovo, Afghanistan and many other states.

 

An affiliation agreement between the Czech Republic and the European Community was concluded October 4, 1993. This took effect February 1, 1995. The process of convergence with the European Community culminated with the Czech Republic becoming a member of the European Union, along with nine other states, on May 1, 2004.

 

Currently, the Czech Republic is a fully democratic country with a stable political culture and growing economic power. The positive results of economic transformation and democratic administration are easily apparent: The increasing living standards of inhabitants are noticable and are approaching the levels of some standards of the European Union. read more...

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